Method for the organocatalytic activation of carboxylic acids for chemical, reactions using orthosubstituted arylboronic acids

ABSTRACT

The present disclosure describes operationally simple methods for the low temperature, catalytic activation of carboxylic acids for organic reactions, in particular for direct amidation reactions with amines. The methods involve the use of orthosubstituted arylboromc acids of the formula (I), wherein the groups R 1  to R 5  are as defined herein. In preferred embodiments R 1  is halogen. The arylboromc acids catalyze nucleophilic 1,2-addition reactions, conjugate 1,4-addition reactions, and cycloaddition reactions, including Diels-Alder reactions involving α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acids.

FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE

The present disclosure includes operationally simple methods for the low temperature, catalytic activation of carboxylic acids for organic reactions, in particular for direct amidation reactions with amines, cycloadditions and conjugate additions.

BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE

Amide bonds are ubiquitous in Nature and represent one of the most important functional groups that constitute biomolecules. Amides are the key units to the backbone of peptides and proteins, and are an important component of nucleotides. Consequently, the development of synthetic methods for amidation and peptide synthesis has long preoccupied chemists. Despite the favorable thermodynamic stability of the resulting amide bond, the simple dehydrative reaction between a free carboxylic acid and an amine is process plagued by a large activation energy. The initial formation of a stable ammonium carboxylate salt deters the dehydration step. The salt intermediate collapses to provide the amide product only at very high temperatures (typically over 160° C.) that are incompatible with functionalized molecules. Consequently, this important classical reaction continues to challenge chemists and there are still no means to make amides directly between free carboxylic acids and amines in a simple, green and atom-economical fashion.

Most current amide bond-forming methods involve the use of super-stoichiometric amounts (i.e., large excesses) of expensive and toxic reagents such as carbodiimides, carbonyldiimidazole, phosphonium salts, and others, to activate and dehydrate the carboxylic acid. These coupling agents and their associated co-reagents (bases, supernucleophiles, other additives) generate large amounts of wasteful by-products that tend to complicate the isolation of the desired amide.

The direct formation of amide bonds has been known since 1858 (Benz, G. In Comprehensive Organic Synthesis, Vol 6; Trost B. M., Fleming I., Heathcock C. H. Pergamon press: New York, 1991, Chap. 2.3). Catalysts that have been used for amidation reactions between carboxylic acids and amines include TiCl₄ (Carlson et al. Acta Chem. Scand. Ser. B. 1988, 28), Ti(O-i-Pr)₄, (Helquist et al. Tetrahedron Lett. 1988, 59, 3049), Ph₃SbO/P₄S₁₀ (Matsuda et al. J. Org. Chem. 1991, 56, 4076), Sb(OEt)₄ (Yamamoto et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 1569) and ArB(OH)₂ (Ishihara et al. J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 4196), however, an efficient catalytic procedure that functions mildly under ambient conditions (i.e., room temperature) has not yet been developed.

The ArB(OH)₂ catalysts reported in Ishihara et al. (id) included those where Ar is 3,4,5-trifluorophenyl, 3-nitrophenyl, 3,5-di-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl, 4-trifluoromethylphenyl, phenyl, 2,4,6-tri-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl and 2,3,4,5-tetrafluorophenyl. The reactions were performed at temperatures of about 110° C. (refluxing toluene) with a catalyst loading of 5 mol % and with the removal of water using 4 Å molecular sieves in a Soxhlet thimble. A solid phase version of these catalysts was reported by Latta et al. (Synthesis. 2001, 11, 1611-1613) but it also requires very high temperatures.

SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE

Herein, room temperature catalytic electrophilic activation of carboxylic acids has been achieved using ortho-substituted arylboronic acids. In particular room temperature amidation reactions on a variety of carboxylic acids as well as Diels-Alder reactions using an α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acid as the dienophile, have been achieved utilizing an ortho-substituted aryl boronic acid catalyst. The present catalytic activation method can also be applied to the electrophilic activation of the double or triple bond of α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acids, with applications in 1,4-conjugate additions reactions and other cycloadditions of alkenes and alkynes. This present method for the activation of carboxylic acids for subsequent reactions occurs under mild reaction conditions and is essentially waste free, producing water as the only by-product.

Accordingly, the present disclosure includes a method for the catalytic electrophilic activation of carboxylic acids for subsequent reactions comprising combining the carboxylic acid and an aryl boronic acid of the formula I:

wherein R¹ is selected from halo, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₆₋₁₀aryl, NO₂, CN, CO₂H, C(O)C₁₋₄alkyl, CO₂C₁₋₄alkyl, OC₆₋₁₀aryl, S(O)C₁₋₄alkyl, SO₂C₁₋₄alkyl, OCF₃, CR⁶R⁷OR⁸, CR⁶R⁷SR⁸, OH, SH and Si(R⁸)₃; R² to R⁵ are independently selected from H, halo, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₆₋₁₀aryl, CO₂H, C(O)C₁₋₄alkyl, CO₂C₁₋₄alkyl, OC₆₋₁₀aryl, S(O)C₁₋₄alkyl, SO₂C₁₋₄alkyl, fluoro-substituted-C₁₋₄alkyl, fluoro-substituted-C₁₋₄alkoxy, OH, SH, SR⁸ and Si(R⁸)₃; R⁶, R⁷ and R⁸ are independently selected from H, C₁₋₄alkyl and C₆₋₁₀aryl, with the proviso that the compound of formula I is not 2,3,4,5-tetrafluorophenyl boronic acid, under conditions for the electrophilic activation of the carboxylic acid.

In an embodiment of the disclosure, the carboxylic acid is activated for subsequent reaction with a nucleophile, such as an amine or alcohol, and the carboxylic acid and aryl boronic acid of the formula I are combined in the presence of a means for removal of water. According to this embodiment, the present disclosure, for example, provides a method for the preparation of amides or esters.

In another embodiment of the disclosure, the carboxylic acid is an α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acid that is activated for reaction with a diene in a Diels-Alder reaction or with a nucleophile in a 1,4-conjugate addition reaction.

The present disclosure also includes novel boronic acids of the formula

wherein: R⁶ is selected from H and C₁₋₄alkyl; and R⁷, R⁸ and R⁹ are independently selected from H, C₁₋₄alkyl and OC₁₋₄alkyl and one or two of R⁷, R⁸ and R⁹ is H, or a salt thereof.

The compounds of formula II are new and represent a class of boronic acid catalysts that have good activity for the activation of carboxylic acids.

The present disclosure also includes compounds of formulae I and II that are attached, for example via a chemical bond, to a solid support for use in heterogeneous reaction conditions.

Other features and advantages of the present disclosure will become apparent from the following detailed description. It should be understood, however, that the detailed description and the specific examples while indicating preferred embodiments of the disclosure are given by way of illustration only, since various changes and modifications within the spirit and scope of the disclosure will become apparent to those skilled in the art from this detailed description.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DISCLOSURE

It has been shown that certain ortho-substituted aryl boronic acids electrophilically activate carboxylic acids for organic reactions, including, for example, amidations, Diels-Alder cycloadditions and 1,4-conjugate additions. In particular these aryl boronic acids catalyze the reaction of amines (including primary and secondary amines) with carboxylic acids to provide amides in the presence of a means for removal of the water generated in this reaction. Also, these boronic acids catalyze the reaction of α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acids with dienes in the presence of water. These reactions occur at room temperature and result in very little waste or by-products.

Accordingly, the present disclosure includes a method for the catalytic electrophilic activation of carboxylic acids for subsequent reactions comprising combining the carboxylic acid and an aryl boronic acid of the formula I:

wherein R¹ is selected from halo, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₆₋₁₀aryl, NO₂, CN, CO₂H, C(O)C₁₋₄alkyl, CO₂C₁₋₄alkyl, OC₆₋₁₀aryl, S(O)C₁₋₄alkyl, SO₂C₁₋₄alkyl, OCF₃, CR⁶R⁷OR⁸, CR⁶R⁷SR⁸, OH, SH and Si(R⁸)₃; R² to R⁵ are independently selected from H, halo, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₆₋₁₀aryl, CO₂H, C(O)C₁₋₄alkyl, CO₂C₁₋₄alkyl, OC₁₋₄alkyl, SC₁₋₄alkyl, OC₆₋₁₀aryl, S(O)C₁₋₄alkyl, SO₂C₁₋₄alkyl, fluoro-substituted-C₁₋₄alkyl, fluoro-substituted-C₁₋₄alkoxy, OH, SH, SR⁸ and Si(R⁸)₃; R⁶, R⁷ and R⁸ are independently selected from H, C₁₋₄alkyl and C₆₋₁₀aryl, with the proviso that the compound of formula I is not 2,3,4,5-tetrafluorophenyl boronic acid, under conditions for the electrophilic activation of the carboxylic acid.

The term “alkyl” as used herein means a straight and/or branched chain, saturated alkyl group containing from one to four carbon atoms and includes methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, isobutyl and t-butyl.

The term “aryl” as used herein with respect to the compounds of formula I means a mono- or polycyclic ring containing from 6 to 10 carbon atoms and at least one aromatic ring and includes phenyl, naphthyl, 1,2-dihydronaphthyl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthyl, fluorenyl, indanyl, indenyl and the like. In an embodiment aryl is phenyl.

The term “polycyclic” as used herein with respect to the compounds of formula I means a group that contains more than one ring linked together and includes, for example, groups that contain two (bicyclic), three (tricyclic) or four (quadracyclic) rings. The rings may be linked through a single bond, a single atom (spirocyclic) or through two atoms (fused and bridged).

The term “fluoro-substituted” as used herein with respect to the compounds of formula I refers to an alkyl or alkoxy group in which one or more, including all, of the hydrogen atoms have been replaced with a fluorine atom.

The term “halo” as used herein with respect to the compounds of formula I means halogen, including F, Cl, Br and I.

In an embodiment of the present disclosure the aryl boronic acid of formula I includes those in which R² to R⁵ are all H. In a further embodiment of the present disclosure the aryl boronic acid of formula I includes those in which R¹ is selected from halo, CH₃, NO₂ and CH₂OCH₃, while R² to R⁵ are all H. In another embodiment of the present disclosure the aryl boronic acid of formula I includes those in which R¹ is selected from I, Br, Cl and F, while R² to R⁵ are all H.

In another embodiment of the present disclosure the aryl boronic acid of formula I includes those in which R² to R⁵ are independently selected from H, halo, CO₂CH₃, CO₂CH₂CH₃, OCH₃, CH₃, CO₂H, C(O)CH₃, S(O)CH₃, CF₃ and CF₃O. In another embodiment of the disclosure at least one of R² to R⁵ is H. In another embodiment of the present disclosure the aryl boronic acid of formula I includes those in which R¹ is selected from halo, CH₃, NO₂ and CH₂OCH₃, R² to R⁵ are independently selected from H, halo, CO₂CH₃, CO₂CH₂CH₃, OCH₃, CH₃, CO₂H, C(O)CH₃, S(O)CH₃, CF₃ and CF₃O, and at least one of R² to R⁵ is H.

It is a further embodiment of the present disclosure that R¹ may be chiral and the method is useful for the activation of carboxylic acids for enantioselective reactions.

It is another embodiment of the present disclosure, the aryl boronic acid of formula I is selected from a compound of formula I(a) to I(w) as shown in Table 1. In a further embodiment, the aryl boronic acid of formula I is selected from 2-bromophenyl boronic acid, 2-iodophenylboronic acid and 2-chlorophenylboronic acid. In another embodiment the aryl boronic acid of formula I is selected from 2-iodo-4,5-dimethoxyphenylboronic acid, 2-iodo-3-methyl-4,5-dimethoxyphenyl boronic acid and 2-iodo-3,5-dimethylphenylboronic acid.

In another embodiment of the present disclosure, the compound of formula I or II is attached to a solid support using known methodologies. Such catalysts are useful, for example, for heterogeneous solid-phase reactions. The solid support may be, for example, but not limited to, silica or a polymeric insoluble matrix such as polystyrene and the boronic acid may be attached, for example, but not limited to, via a chemical bond, for example via an alkoxy or carboxy group.

Compounds of formula I are either commercially available or may be prepared using methods known in the art. For example, the boronic acid group may be attached to a suitable substituted phenyl precursor using transmetallation reaction conditions. In one specific example, a halogen group, such as iodo, may be converted to a Grignard reagent, for example by reaction with phenyl magnesium bromide, and then reacted with a trialkyl borate to produce, under standard reaction conditions, the corresponding the boronic acid.

In embodiments of the present disclosure, the carboxylic acid is electrophilically activated using the compounds of formula I for reaction with a nucleophile in an nucleophilic 1,2-addition reaction with the carbon atom of the CO₂H group, or a conjugate 1,4-addition reaction with the β-carbon atom of an α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acid, or for a Diels-Alder reaction with a diene. The method is also extendable to other cycloadditions of alkenes and alkynes like [3+2] cycloadditions with 4-electron partners other than dienes, including 1,3-dipoles such as, but not limited to, nitrile oxides, azomethine ylids, carbonyl oxides, and the like.

A “Diels-Alder” reaction is an organic chemical reaction (specifically, a cycloaddition) between a conjugated diene and a substituted alkene, commonly termed the dienophile, to form a substituted cyclohexene system.

A nucleophilic “conjugate addition” is an organic reaction involving the reaction of a nucleophile mostly with carbonyl compounds in a 1,2 fashion (addition to the carbon atom of the C═O bond) or, when the carbonyl compound contains an α,β-unsaturated bond, a “conjugate addition” in a 1,4 fashion (addition to the β-carbon atom).

As used herein the expression “under conditions for the electrophilic activation of the carboxylic acid” means in a suitable solvent and a reaction temperature, time and reagent ratio and concentration for the electrophilic activation of the carboxylic acid for subsequent reaction with, for example, a nucleophile or a diene. In an embodiment of the disclosure, the solvent is selected from dichloromethane (DCM), tetrahydrofuran (THF) and toluene. Suitably the solvent is DCM. In a further embodiment of the disclosure, the reaction temperature is room temperature (i.e. about 20° C. to about 27° C.) or slightly above room temperature (i.e. up to about 45° C., suitably up to about 40° C.). In another embodiment of the disclosure, the reaction time is about 2 hours to about 50 hours, suitably about 15 hours to about 48 hours, more suitably about 20 hours.

In a further embodiment of the disclosure, when the reaction is the addition of a nucleophile to the carboxylic acid (via either a 1,2- or 1,4-addition), the ratio of the nucleophile to carboxylic acid is about 1:1 and the concentration of the reagents is about 0.05 M to about 0.1 M, suitably about 0.07 M. In a further embodiment of the disclosure the amount of aryl boronic acid catalyst of formula I is about 1 mol % to about 25 mol %, suitably about 5 mol % to about 25 mol %, more suitably about 10 mol %.

In a further embodiment of the disclosure, when the reaction is a Diels-Alder addition of a diene to a carboxylic acid comprising a double bond, the ratio of the carboxylic acid to the diene is suitably about 1:2.

A person skilled in the art would appreciate that the conditions for the electrophilic activation of the carboxylic acid will vary depending on the structure of the carboxylic acid, the reaction to be performed and the specific catalyst selected, and would be able to vary the reaction conditions within the above ranges to obtain an optimum yield of the desired product. Various methods are available for following the course of a reaction and include, for example, chromatographic and spectroscopy techniques.

Suitably, for nucleophilic addition reactions, the method is performed under anhydrous and inert atmosphere (e.g. under argon or nitrogen) conditions with a means for removal of the water generated in this reaction. Suitably, for Diels-Alder reactions, the method is performed in the presence or absence of water.

A “means for removal of water” as used herein refers to any method or reagent that does not interfere with the reaction of a nucleophile with the carboxylic acid and which provides an effective removal of the water generated in the method of the disclosure. In an embodiment of the disclosure, the means for removal of water are molecular sieves, suitably, 3{acute over (Å)}, 4{acute over (Å)} and/or 5{acute over (Å)} activated molecular sieves (activated by drying in an oven). Other means for removal of water, include, for example, drying agents selected from activated alumina, benzophenone, bentonite clay, calcium chloride, calcium hydride, calcium sulfate, copper(II) sulfate, lithium chloride, lithium bromide, magnesium, magnesium sulfate, potassium carbonate, silica gel, sodium chlorate and sodium sulfate.

In an embodiment of the method of the present disclosure, the nucleophile is any suitable nucleophilic species that one wishes to react with, and form a covalent linkage to, the carbon atom of the CO₂H group, or the β-carbon atom of an α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acid and that works in the method of the disclosure. In an embodiment of the disclosure, the nucleophile is a compound comprising an amine, an alcohol or a thiol. In another embodiment of the disclosure, the nucleophile is a compound comprising a primary or secondary amine. In an embodiment of the disclosure, the amine comprises substituted or unsubstituted aryl groups and/or branched and/or unbranched, saturated and/or unsaturated, substituted or unsubstituted, cyclic and/or acyclic alkyl groups. By aromatic groups it is meant monocyclic or polycyclic aromatic rings having from 6 to 14 carbon atoms and at least one aromatic ring. By alkyl groups it is meant carbon chains or rings having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms. When the alkyl group is unsaturated, it may have from 1 to 5 double and/or triple bonds. Substituents that are optionally on the alkyl and/or aryl groups include, for example, halo, aryl, C₁₋₄alkoxy, C₁₋₄alkyl, C(O)C₁₋₄alkyl, S(O)C₁₋₄alkyl, fluoro-substituted C₁₋₄alkyl and fluoro-substituted C₁₋₄alkoxy. In another embodiment of the disclosure the amine is one of the naturally occurring amino acids or an analog thereof or a protected version thereof.

The carboxylic acid in the method of the present disclosure may be any suitable carboxylic acid-containing compound that one wishes to react with, and form covalent linkages to, for example, a nucleophile or a diene, and that works in the method of the disclosure. In an embodiment of the disclosure the carboxylic acid contains substituted or unsubstituted aryl groups and/or branched and/or unbranched, saturated and/or unsaturated, substituted or unsubstituted, cyclic and/or acyclic alkyl groups. By aromatic groups it is meant monocyclic or polycyclic aromatic rings having from 6 to 14 carbon atoms and at least one aromatic ring. By alkyl groups it is meant carbon chains or rings having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms. When the alkyl group is unsaturated, it may have from 1 to 5 double and/or triple bonds. Substituents that are optionally on the alkyl and/or aryl groups include, for example, halo, aryl, C₁₋₄alkoxy, C(O)C₁₋₄alkyl, S(O)C₁₋₄alkyl, fluoro-substituted C₁₋₄alkyl and fluoro-substituted C₁₋₄alkoxy. In another embodiment of the disclosure the carboxylic acid is one of the naturally occurring amino acids or an analog thereof or a protected version thereof.

Certain boronic acids possessing particularly good activity in the methods of the present disclosure are new. Accordingly, the present disclosure includes a compound of the formula II:

wherein: R⁶ is selected from H and C₁₋₄alkyl; and R⁷, R⁸ and R⁹ are independently selected from H, C₁₋₄alkyl and OC₁₋₄alkyl and one or two of R⁷, R⁸ and R⁹ is H, or a salt thereof.

In an embodiment of the disclosure R⁶ is selected from H, methyl and ethyl, R⁷, R⁸ and R⁹ are independently selected from H, methyl, ethyl, methoxy and ethoxy and one or two of R⁷, R⁸ and R⁹ is H, or a salt thereof.

In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the compound of formula II is selected from 2-iodo-4,5-dimethoxyphenylboronic acid, 2-iodo-3-methyl-4,5-dimethoxyphenyl boronic acid and 2-iodo-3,5-dimethylphenylboronic acid.

The salt may be any basic addition salt that will form with the compounds of formula II. Salts may be advantageous for isolating and purifying the compounds of formula II. The formation of a desired compound salt is achieved using standard techniques. For example, the neutral compound is treated with a base in a suitable solvent and the formed salt is isolated by filtration, extraction or any other suitable method. The neutral compound may be regenerated by treatment with an acid.

In understanding the scope of the present disclosure, the term “comprising” and its derivatives, as used herein, are intended to be open ended terms that specify the presence of the stated features, elements, components, groups, integers, and/or steps, but do not exclude the presence of other unstated features, elements, components, groups, integers and/or steps. The foregoing also applies to words having similar meanings such as the terms, “including”, “having” and their derivatives. Finally, terms of degree such as “substantially”, “about” and “approximately” as used herein mean a reasonable amount of deviation of the modified term such that the end result is not significantly changed. These terms of degree should be construed as including a deviation of at least ±5% of the modified term if this deviation would not negate the meaning of the word it modifies.

The following non-limiting examples are illustrative of the present disclosure:

EXAMPLES Example 1 General Amidation Procedure

In a test tube equipped with a stirbar, dried overnight in an oven, was placed (0.5 mmol) of carboxylic acid, 20 mol % of the aryl boronic acid and 1 g of activated 4 {acute over (Å)} molecular sieves (also dried overnight in an oven). The cooled test tube was flushed with argon and then 7 ml of the dry solvent (dichloromethane (DCM), tetrahydrofuran (THF) or toluene) was added under argon. The resulting solution or suspension was stirred for 10 minutes and then (0.5 mmol) of amine was added. The reaction was allowed to stir for 48 h at r.t (24-26° C.) then filtered through Celite® 545, and the mixture extracted with water (2×20 ml), brine (30 ml) and dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄. Filtration and concentration in vacuo provided the crude product, which was purified by flash column chromatography to give the pure amide. Alternatively, the reaction mixture was filtered through Celite® 545, the filtrate was washed with aqueous acidic solution (pH=4), aqueous basic solution (pH=9), and pre-concentrated with brine. The organic layers were collected, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and evaporated to give the pure amide product.

(a) Reaction of Benzylamine with 2-Phenylacetic Acid—Effect of Aryl Boronic Acid Substitution

The results for the preparation of N-benzyl-2-phenylacetamide using various aryl boronic acid catalysts according to embodiments of the method of the present disclosure are presented in Table 1.

(b) Reaction of Benzylamine with 2-Phenylacetic Acid—Effect of Aryl Boronic Acid Concentration and mol %.

The reaction described in part (a) was repeated varying the reaction time, concentration of the reagents and mol % of 2-bromophenylboronic acid. The results are shown in Table 2.

(c) Reaction of Benzylamine with 2-Phenylacetic Acid—Effect of Ratio of Reagents

The reaction described in part (a) was repeated using 10 mol % 2-bromophenylboronic acid and varying the ratio of the amine and carboxylic acid. The results are shown in Table 3.

(d) Substrate Scope

The general reaction described above was repeated using 10 mol % 2-bromophenylboronic acid and different amines and carboxylic acids. The results are shown in Table 4.

(e) Reaction of Benzylamine with 2-Phenylacetic Acid—Side by Side Comparison of 2-Bromophenylboronic Acid and 2-Iodophenylboronic Acid

The general reaction described above was repeated using 10 mol % of either 2-bromophenylboronic acid or 2-iodophenylboronic acid under the identical conditions of room temperature, dichloromethane with activated 4 {acute over (Å)} molecular sieves and a reaction time of 6 hours. The yield of amide was 91% with 2-iodophenylboronic acid and 55% with 2-bromophenylboronic acid.

Example 2 General Diels-Alder Procedure

2,3-Dimethylbuta-1,3-diene (2 equiv.) and acrylic acid (1 equiv.) were combined in the presence of 2-bromophenyl boronic acid (0.2 equiv.) and water (0.1 equiv.) in DCM at room temperature for 28 hours. The product, 3,4-dimethylcyclohex-3-enecarboxylic acid, was isolated in 76% yield. When the reaction was repeated without the addition of water, the yield was 90%.

This reaction was repeated using various dienes and the results are presented in Table 5.

Example 3 Preparation of 2-iodophenylboronic acid: I(l)

To a solution of 1,2-diiodobenzene (0.102 g, 3.08 mmol) in 60 mL of a mixture of THF and diethylether (Et₂O) (1:1) was added dropwise at −78° C. isopropylmagnesium chloride (2 M in THF, 1.54 mL, 3.08 mmol). After the mixture was stirred for 2 h at that temperature, B(O^(i)Pr)₃ (1.74 g 2.12 mL, 9.24 mmol) was added. The solution was warmed to room temperature overnight; then 40 mL of HCl (10%) was added, and the resulting mixture was stirred for 30 min at room temperature. The aqueous layer was extracted with Et₂O (50 mL, 3 times). Drying over Na₂SO₄, evaporation and purification by flash chromatography gave 0.62 g of the pure product (82%).

Example 4 Preparation of 2-iodo-3,5-dim ethylphenylboronic acid: I(w)

To a solution of 1,2-diiodo-3,5-dimethylbenzene (0.5 g, 1.40 mmol) in 60 mL in a mixture of THF and Et₂O (1:1), was added dropwise at −78° C. isopropylmagnesium chloride (2 M in THF, 0.70 mL, 1.40 mmol). After the mixture was stirred for 2 h at −78° C., B(O^(i)Pr)₃ (0.96 ml, 4.19 mmol) was added. The solution was warmed to room temperature overnight, then a saturated solution of NH₄Cl was added, and the resulting mixture was stirred for 30 min at room temperature. The aqueous layer was extracted with Et₂O (50 mL, 3 times), dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated. To the concentrated sample, hexane was added and the resulting precipitate was isolated to provide the products as shown above as non separable mixture.

Spectroscopic Data:

¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ 8.15 (s, 2H), 7.06 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.76 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 2.30 (s, 3H), 2.18 (s, 3H).

¹³C-NMR (125 MHz, DMSO) δ 139.2, 136.2, 130.6, 129.8, 101.4, 28.0, 20.0 (C attached to B not seen on the NMR at 27° C.).

IR (Microscope, cm⁻¹) 2951, 1587, 1386, 1342, 1296, 1270, 1000.

HRMS (EI) for C₈H₁₀ ¹¹BIO₂: calcd. 275.98185; found, 275.98239.

X-ray crystallographic structure obtained.

Example 5 Preparation of 2-iodo-3-methyl-4,5-dimethoxyphenylboronic acid: I(x)

(a) 1,2-dimethoxy-3-methylbenzene

In a round bottom flask, 3-methyl catechol (5.0 g, 40.3 mmol), MeI (22.3 g, 157.1 mmol), and K₂CO₃ (18.9 g, 136.9 mmol) were dissolved in acetone (20.0 ml). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h, then at 60° C. for overnight. The reaction mixture was concentrated and chromatographed on silica gel using EtOAc/Hexane (5:95). A pale yellow liquid was isolated in 100% (6.13 g). The characterization of the compound matched previous report: Xing, L.; Wang, X.; Cheng, X.; Zhu, R.; Liu, B.; Hu, Y. Tetrahedron Letters 2007, 63, (38), 9382-9386.

(b) 1,2-diiodo-4,5-dimethoxy-3-methylbenzene

In a round bottom flask, 1,2-dimethoxy-3-methylbenzene (Example 5(a), 2.0 g, 13.15 mmol), I₂ (9.02 g, 28.92 mmol), and Hg(OAc)₂ (9.22 g, 28.92 mmol) were dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (40.0 ml). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature and monitored by TLC. Upon completion, the reaction mixture was filtered and washed with an aqueous solution of sodium thiosulfate, extracted with CH₂Cl₂ and washed with brine. The CH₂Cl₂ solution was dried with Na₂SO₄, concentrated and chromatographed on silica gel using EtOAc/Hexane (10:90). A light orange solid was isolated in 68% (3.61 g).

¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.34 (s, 1H), 3.82 (s, 3H), 3.75 (s, 3H), 2.53 (s, 3H).

¹³C-NMR (100 MHz, DMSO) δ 152.9, 146.4, 137.8, 120.86, 104.4, 102.3, 60.41, 55.99, 25.40.

HRMS (EI) for C₉H₁₀I₂O₂: calcd. 403.87702; found, 403.87682

(c) 2-iodo-4,5-dimethoxy-3-methylphenylboronic acid

To a solution of 1,2-diiodo-4,5-dimethoxy-3-methylbenzene (Example 5(b), 2.0 g, 4.95 mmol) in 120 mL of a mixture of THF and Et₂O (1:1) was added dropwise at −78° C., isopropylmagnesium chloride (2 M in THF, 2.72 mL, 5.44 mmol). After the mixture was stirred for 2 h at that temperature, B(O^(i)Pr)₃ (10.50 ml, 14.84 mmol) was added. The solution was warmed to room temperature overnight; then a saturated solution of NH₄Cl was added, and the resulting mixture was stirred for 30 min at room temperature. The aqueous layer was extracted with Et₂O (50 mL, 3 times), dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated. To the concentrated sample, hexane was added and the resulting precipitate was isolated to give 0.90 g of the pure product (56%).

Spectroscopic Data

¹H-NMR (300 MHz, DMSO) δ 8.14 (s, 2H), 6.73 (s, 1H), 3.76 (s, 3H), 3.64 (s, 3H), 2.27 (s, 3H).

¹³C-NMR (100 MHz, DMSO) δ 152.1, 146.8, 133.9, 114.9, 95.2, 60.2, 55.9, 21.8. (C attached to B not seen on the NMR at 27° C.).

HRMS (EI) for C₉H₁₂ ¹¹BIO₄: calcd. 321.98733; found, 321.98740

X-ray crystallographic structure obtained.

Example 6 Preparation of 2-iodo-4,5-dimethoxyphenylboronic acid: I(v)

(a) 1,2-dimethoxybenzene

In a round bottom flask, catechol (10.0 g, 90.0 mmol), MeI (50.0 g, 354.0 mmol), and K₂CO₃ (42.7 g, 309.0 mmol) were dissolved in acetone (40.0 ml). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h, then at 60° C. for overnight. The reaction mixture was concentrated and chromatographed on silica gel using EtOAc/Hexane (5:95). A colorless liquid was isolated in 100% (12.43 g). The characterization of the compound matched previous report: (a) Paduraru, P. M.; Popoff, R. T. W.; Nair, R.; Gries, R.; Gries, G.; Plettner, E. Journal of Combinatorial Chemistry 2008, 10 (1), 123-134.

(b) 1,2-diiodo-4,5-dimethoxybenzene

In a round bottom flask, 1,2-dimethoxybenzene (Example 6(a), 2.1 g, 15.2 mmol), I₂ (10.42 g, 33.44 mmol), and Hg(OAc)₂ (10.65 g, 33.44 mmol) were dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (40.0 ml). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature and monitored by TLC. Upon completion, the reaction mixture was filtered and washed with an aqueous solution of sodium thiosulfate, extracted with CH₂Cl₂ and washed with brine. The CH₂Cl₂ solution was dried with Na₂SO₄, concentrated and chromatographed on silica gel using EtOAc/Hexane (10:90). A light orange solid was isolated in 67% (4.0 g). The characterization of the compound matched previous report: (a) Pak, J. J.; Mayo, J. L.; Shurdha, E. Tetrahedron Letters 2006, 47, 233-237.

(c) 2-iodo-4,5-dimethoxyphenylboronic acid: I(v)

To a solution of 1,2-diiodo-4,5-dimethoxybenzene (Example 6(b), 2.0 g, 5.13 mmol) in 120 mL of a mixture of THF and Et₂O (1:1) was added dropwise at −78° C. isopropylmagnesium chloride (2 M in THF, 2.67 mL, 5.39 mmol). After the mixture was stirred for 2 h at that temperature, B(O^(i)Pr)₃ (10.89 ml, 15.39 mmol) was added. The solution was warmed to room temperature overnight; then a saturated solution of NH₄Cl was added, and the resulting mixture was stirred for 30 min at room temperature. The aqueous layer was extracted with Et₂O (50 mL, 3 times), dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated. To the concentrated sample, hexane was added and the resulting precipitate was isolated to give 1.05 g of the pure product (67%).

Spectroscopic Data

¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ 8.14 (s, 2H), 7.17 (s, 1H), 6.80 (s, 1H), 3.69 (s, 3H), 3.68 (s, 3H).

¹³C-NMR (125 MHz, DMSO) δ 149.3, 147.8, 121.0, 116.6, 87.5, 55.4, 55.2 (C attached to B not seen on the NMR at 27° C.).

IR (Microscope, cm⁻¹) 2959, 1585, 1506, 1373, 1310, 1263, 1199.

Example 7 Further Amidation Reactions

(a) The following additional compounds were prepared using the general amidation procedure described in Example 1 and the corresponding carboxylic acids and amines with either catalyst I(l) or I(m):

(b) The following additional reaction was performed using the general amidation procedure described in Example 1 and the catalysts shown below. This result compares the activity of catalyst I(l) with catalyst I(w)

(c) The following additional reaction was performed using the general amidation procedure described in Example 1 and the catalysts shown below. This result compares the activity of catalysts I(l), I(v), I(w) and I(x) using an amine with lower reactivity.

While the present disclosure has been described with reference to what are presently considered to be the preferred examples, it is to be understood that the disclosure is not limited to the disclosed examples. To the contrary, the disclosure is intended to cover various modifications and equivalent arrangements included within the spirit and scope of the appended claims.

All publications, patents and patent applications are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference in its entirety. Where a term in the present application is found to be defined differently in a document incorporated herein by reference, the definition provided herein is to serve as the definition for the term.

TABLE 1

Cpd. No. R¹ R² R³ R⁴ R⁵ Solvent Yield N/A H H H H H DCM  31%¹ I(a) CH₂OCH₃ H H H H DCM 100% I(b) F H F H H DCM  73% I(c) F H H H F DCM  76% I(d) CH₃ H H H H DCM  83% I(e) CH₃ H H H CH₃ DCM  87% I(f) NO₂ H H H H DCM  95% I(g) CN H H H H DCM  86%² I(h) S(O)CH₃ H H H H DCM 100%² I(i) Br H H H H DCM 100% I(j) Cl H H H H DCM 100% I(k) F H H H H DCM  98% I(l) I H H H H DCM 100% I(m) Br H H H F DCM  33% I(n) Br H H CF₃ H DCM  60% I(o) Br H H CF₃ H THF  69% I(p) NO₂ H C(O)CH₃ H H DCM  53% I(q) I H H H F DCM  50% I(r) Cl H CO₂H H H DCM  49% I(s) Cl H CO₂Et H H DCM  77% I(t) Br H F F H DCM  64% I(u) Cl H OEt H H DCM  79% ¹Comparative example. ²Reaction temperature = 35-40° C.

TABLE 2

Catalyst Time Concentration mol % (hours) (mol) DCM THF Toluene 20 48 0.07 98 80 73 10 48 0.07 95 48 39 5 48 0.07 64 31 30 5 78 0.07 82 78 35 5 48 0.25 45 48 15 5 48 0.50 21 12 15 10 17 0.07 91

TABLE 3

# Eq. Amine # Eq. Acid Yield 1 1 50% 1.1 1 21% 1 1.1 49% 1 1.4 50%

TABLE 4

Amine Carboxylic Acid Product Yield

100%

 66%

 80%

 66%

 0%

 61%¹

 0%

 0%

100%

 72%

 0% ¹35-40° C.

TABLE 5

Diene Product Yield

90%

4% + 91%

99% (after 24 h)

30% (NMR yield) 

1. A method for the catalytic electrophilic activation of carboxylic acids comprising combining the carboxylic acid and an aryl boronic acid of the formula I:

wherein R¹ is selected from halo, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₆₋₁₀aryl, NO₂, CN, CO₂H, C(O)C₁₋₄alkyl, CO₂C₁₋₄alkyl, OC₁₋₄alkyl, SC₁₋₄alkyl, OC₆₋₁₀aryl, S(O)C₁₋₄alkyl, SO₂C₁₋₄alkyl, OCF₃, CR⁶R⁷OR⁸, CR⁶R⁷SR⁸, OH, SH and Si(R⁸)₃; R² to R⁵ are independently selected from H, halo, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₆₋₁₀aryl, CO₂H, C(O)C₁₋₄alkyl, CO₂C₁₋₄alkyl, OC₁₋₄alkyl, SC₁₋₄alkyl, OC₆₋₁₀aryl, S(O)C₁₋₄alkyl, SO₂C₁₋₄alkyl, fluoro-substituted-C₁₋₄alkyl, fluoro-substituted-C₁₋₄alkoxy, OH, SH, SR⁸ and Si(R⁸)₃; and R⁶, R⁷ and R⁸ are independently selected from H, C₁₋₄alkyl and C₆₋₁₀aryl, with the proviso that the compound of formula I is not 2,3,4,5-tetrafluorophenyl boronic acid, under conditions for the electrophilic activation of the carboxylic acid.
 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein, in the aryl boronic acid of formula I, R¹ is selected from halo, CH₃, NO₂ and CH₂OCH₃, while R² to R⁵ are all H.
 3. The method according to claim 2, wherein, in the aryl boronic acid of formula I, R¹ is selected from I and Br while R² to R⁵ are all H.
 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein, in the aryl boronic acid of formula I, R² to R⁵ are independently selected from H, halo, CO₂CH₃, CO₂CH₂CH₃, OCH₃, CH₃, CO₂H, C(O)CH₃, S(O)CH₃, CF₃ and CF₃O, and at least one of R² to R⁵ is H.
 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein, in the aryl boronic acid of formula I, R¹ is selected from halo, CH₃, NO₂ and CH₂OCH₃, and R² to R⁵ are independently selected from H, halo, CO₂CH₃, CO₂CH₂CH₃, OCH₃, CH₃, CO₂H, C(O)CH₃, S(O)CH₃, CF₃ and CF₃O, and at least one of R² to R⁵ is H.
 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the aryl boronic acid of formula I is selected from a compound of formula I(a) to I(x), wherein R¹ to R⁵ are as defined below: I

Cpd. No. R¹ R² R³ R⁴ R⁵ I(a) CH₂OCH₃ H H H H I(b) F H F H H I(c) F H H H F I(d) CH₃ H H H H I(e) CH₃ H H H CH₃ I(f) NO₂ H H H H I(g) CN H H H H I(h) S(O)CH₃ H H H H I(i) Br H H H H I(j) Cl H H H H I(k) F H H H H I(l) I H H H H I(m) Br H H H F I(n) Br H H CF₃ H I(o) Br H H CF₃ H I(p) NO₂ H C(O)CH₃ H H I(q) I H H H F I(r) Cl H CO₂H H H I(s) Cl H CO₂Et H H I(t) Br H F F H I(u) Cl H OEt H H I(v) I H OMe OMe H I(w) I Me H Me H I(x) I Me OMe OMe H


7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the aryl boronic acid of formula I is selected from 2-bromophenyl boronic acid, 2-iodophenylboronic acid, 2-chlorophenylboronic acid, 2-iodo-4,5-dimethoxyphenylboronic acid, 2-iodo-3-methyl-4,5-dimethoxyphenyl boronic acid and 2-iodo-3,5-dimethylphenylboronic acid.
 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the aryl boronic acid of formula I is selected from 2-iodo-4,5-dimethoxyphenylboronic acid, 2-iodo-3-methyl-4,5-dimethoxyphenyl boronic acid and 2-iodo-3,5-dimethylphenylboronic acid.
 9. The method according to claim 1, wherein the conditions for the electrophilic activation of the carboxylic acid comprise a suitable solvent and a reaction temperature, time and reagent ratio and concentration for the activation of the carboxylic acid.
 10. The method according to claim 9, wherein the solvent is selected from dichloromethane (DCM), tetrahydrofuran (THF) and toluene.
 11. The method according to claim 10, wherein the solvent is DCM.
 12. The method according to claim 9, wherein the reaction temperature is about 20° C. to about 27° C.
 13. The method according to claim 9, wherein the reaction temperature is about 20° C. to about 45° C.
 14. The method according to claim 9, wherein the reaction time is about 2 hours to about 50 hours.
 15. The method according to claim 9, wherein the amount of aryl boronic acid catalyst of formula I is about 1 mol % to about 25 mol %.
 16. The method according to claim 1, wherein the carboxylic acid is electrophilically activated for reaction with a nucleophile in a nucleophilic 1,2-addition reaction with the carbon atom of the CO₂H group, or a conjugate 1,4-addition reaction with the β-carbon atom of an α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acid, or for a cycloaddition reaction.
 17. The method according to claim 16, wherein the carboxylic acid is electrophilically activated for reaction with a nucleophile in a nucleophilic 1,2-addition reaction with the carbon atom of the CO₂H group and the reaction is performed in the presence of a means for removal of water.
 18. The method according to 17, wherein the method is performed under anhydrous and inert atmosphere conditions.
 19. The method according to claim 17, wherein the ratio of carboxylic acid to nucleophile is 1:1.
 20. The method according to claim 16, wherein the nucleophile is a compound comprising an amine, an alcohol or a thiol.
 21. The method according to claim 16, wherein cycloaddition reaction is a Diels-Alder reaction with a diene.
 22. The method according to claim 21, wherein the ratio of carboxylic acid to diene is 1:2.
 23. A compound of the formula II:

wherein: R⁶ is selected from H and C₁₋₄alkyl; and R⁷, R⁸ and R⁹ are independently selected from H, C₁₋₄alkyl and OC₁₋₄alkyl and one or two of R⁷, R⁸ and R⁹ is H, or a salt thereof.
 24. The compound of claim 23, wherein R⁶ is selected from H, methyl and ethyl, R⁷, R⁸ and R⁹ are independently selected from H, methyl, ethyl, methoxy and ethoxy and one or two of R⁷, R⁸ and R⁹ is H.
 25. The compound of claim 23 selected from 2-iodo-4,5-dimethoxyphenylboronic acid, 2-iodo-3-methyl-4,5-dimethoxyphenyl boronic acid and 2-iodo-3,5-dimethylphenylboronic acid. 